1. What is meant by the term sub-urbanisation? (1)
Suburbanisation is the process by which people move from the inner cities to new housing on the outskirts of modern cities called the suburbs.
2. What is meant by the term counter-urbanisation? (1)
Counter-urbanisation is the process by which people move from the inner cities and suburbs back into small towns and villages, often then commuting to work in the cities.
3. What is meant by the process called re-urbanisation? (1)
Re-urbanisation is the process by which in recent years more people have moved in the centre of cities often into ‘loft’ and apartment accommodation.
4) Suggest reasons why city councils may support re-urbanisation. (4)
City councils will support re-urbanisation as it helps bring life to declining city centres. The growth of lofts and apartments in, for example, Manchester as seen a revival of city centre pubs and bars, as well as an increase in convenience stores providing for city-dwellers. The increase in city centre dwellers increases the numbers paying council tax. As these people are often young professional they tend to use fewer services than the elderly or families. People living in the city centre also acts to reduce traffic congestion and the accommodation is often built on ‘brownfield’ former industrial sites. This improves the appearance of the area and further encourages more investment.
4. Counter-urbanisation can have a variety of economic effects on a rural town or village. Outline the positive and negative economic impacts of this process. (4)
Counter-urbanisation is the movement of people from the cities to live in small towns and villages. This process can help bring new investment to the villages, as people with urban incomes come seeking homes. This can increase the demand for houses, making increase wealth for those already living there. However, this increase value to property can price young people, especially those on lower wages, out of the housing market. These people are likely to move towards the city in search of cheaper accommodation. This can lead to a decline in the demand for child services, such a primary schools, which may be closed or merged with nearby villages. This can lead to a loss of well-paid local teaching jobs and a loss of money spend in the local economy. As commuter have cars and work in the city they may do their majority of shopping in the city which will result in decline in demand at local, smaller shops.
5. Using the Ordnance Survey map on page 54, describe the housing pattern at Grid reference 845 955. (2)
The housing pattern is a ‘grid-iron’ pattern of blocks of long buildings running north-south or east-west, which are most likely terraced housing.
6. Using the Ordnance Survey map on page 54, give the six figure grid reference for figures 163, 164 and 165. (3)
Figure 163 is at GR 839 953.
Figure 164 is at GR 844 950.
Figure 165 is at 842 937.
7. The site of the demolished former Moss Side bus garage is found at grid reference 840 950. Using the scale of 4cm to I000 metres, state how long, from east to west, is the bus garage site? (1)
300m
8) Give reasons why many migrant communities are concentrated in the inner cities of the UK’s urban areas. (4)
Many migrant communities are centred on the inner cities as many of these areas have relatively low house prices. New migrants generally are not able to access social housing as so must rely on private rentals for their initial housing. These houses are often found in the terraces of inner cities. Once migrants arrive they may set up community associations, places of worship and open shops selling food and clothing from their ‘home’ countries. In the 1960s many people from South Asia were able to move into and re-open the corner shops on the end of inner city terraces. These services and opportunities then become pull factors for other migrants arriving for the same countries.
9) Outline the reasons why British cities saw an expansion of their suburbs in the years after the First World War. (4)
In the aftermath of the First World War the government promised to build new housing in response to demands for those who had fought fascism for improved living conditions at home. The government promised ‘Homes fir for Heroes.’ This continued the housing building programme started after WW2. Inner city slums were cleared. New housing estates were built, many managed by local councils. While some were built in areas of inner-city slum clearances, many were built on the outskirts of towns and cities. Private housing building also expanded massively. In the inter-war years, this building programme created 4.3 million new homes, often semi-detached houses with inside bathrooms and gardens. The private and council estates on the outskirts of the UK’s major cities became known collectively as the suburbs.
